Hyperglycemia vs. Hypoglycemia: What’s the Difference?

Your blood sugar levels play a key role in how your body functions. For people with diabetes,
keeping those levels in check is essential. When blood sugar levels are too high
(hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia), it can lead to health complications.
Here’s what you need to know about hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, including their
symptoms, causes, and how to manage them.

What Is Hyperglycemia?
Hyperglycemia happens when your blood sugar levels are higher than normal. This usually
occurs when the body doesn’t have enough insulin or can’t use insulin properly. Over time, high
blood sugar can lead to serious health problems, especially for people with diabetes.

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia
You may not notice symptoms of hyperglycemia right away. When they do appear, they can
include:
● Frequent urination
● Increased thirst
● Blurred vision
● Fatigue
● Headaches

If blood sugar levels stay high for too long, you might experience more severe symptoms, like
nausea, shortness of breath, or confusion.

Causes of Hyperglycemia
Several factors can lead to hyperglycemia, including:
● Not taking enough insulin or diabetes medication

● Eating large amounts of sugary or carbohydrate-rich foods
● Stress or illness
● Lack of physical activity

Treatment for Hyperglycemia
Managing hyperglycemia often involves a combination of:
● Taking insulin or other medications as prescribed
● Monitoring blood sugar levels regularly
● Staying physically active
● Following a balanced diet
● Managing stress

If your blood sugar remains high despite these efforts, contact your doctor. In some cases,
severe hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state (HHS), both of which require immediate medical attention.

What Is Hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low, typically below 70 mg/dL. It’s
common in people who take insulin or other diabetes medications. Left untreated, hypoglycemia
can become a medical emergency.

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
Symptoms can develop quickly and may include:
● Shakiness
● Dizziness
● Sweating

● Rapid heartbeat
● Irritability or confusion
● Blurred vision

In severe cases, hypoglycemia can lead to fainting, seizures, or even coma.

Causes of Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia can occur for a variety of reasons, including:
● Skipping meals or not eating enough
● Taking too much insulin or diabetes medication
● Exercising more than usual without adjusting food intake
● Drinking alcohol without eating

Treatment for Hypoglycemia
The first step in treating low blood sugar is using the 15-15 rule:
1. Eat or drink 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates (like fruit juice, glucose tablets, or a
spoonful of honey).
2. Wait 15 minutes, then check your blood sugar.
3. If it’s still below 70 mg/dL, repeat the steps.

For severe hypoglycemia, you may need a glucagon injection. If you lose consciousness,
someone should call 911 for emergency assistance.

Hyperglycemia vs. Hypoglycemia: Key Differences
Here’s how hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia compare: